大学健康问题

在你的大学生涯中，学会识别和应对压力可以帮助你脱颖而出.

压力 is defined as a response to a demand that is placed upon you. 如果没有压力，人们就不会完成很多事情. That extra burst of adrenaline that helps you finish your final paper, perform well in sports and meet challenges is positive stress. 这是一种短期的生理紧张和增加的精神警觉性，当挑战得到满足时就会消退, 让你放松，继续生活.

对压力的反应可以是身体上的，比如头痛. 它可以是情绪化的，比如恐惧或悲伤. 它也可能是精神上的，比如焦虑加剧. If you cannot return to a relaxed state, the stress becomes negative. 你身体的变化——心跳加快, higher blood pressure and muscle tension — start to take their toll, often leading to mental and physical exhaustion and illness. Too much stress can cause problems and affect our health, productivity and relationships.

如何管理压力

• 有积极的态度
• 避免酒精和毒品
• 定期锻炼
• 吃得好
• Utilize your support network – Talk to your friends and family. 社交时间也能在压力水平上产生奇迹.
• 找出你的压力来源
• 保证充足的睡眠
• 不要害怕在学习中短暂休息
• 远离其他学生，争取一些安静的时间
• 学会放松，深呼吸
• 如果你经历过疾病或创伤性事件，不要害怕和教授谈论延期

睡眠是你整体健康的重要组成部分. 了解你的身体和创造健康的睡眠模式对你在大学里的成功很重要.

College students are among the most sleep-deprived people in the country. This may be due to the irregularity of their sleeping habits.

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这些疾病每年影响着成千上万的大学生，在冬季或雨季尤为常见. There are over one billion colds in the United States each year.

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脑膜炎有两种不同的形式——病毒性和细菌性. 后者可造成严重的脑损伤和死亡，需要立即就医.

鼻窦感染, 或者鼻窦炎, 是鼻窦腔感染吗, the mucous-producing air filled cavities behind and adjacent to our 鼻子 and 眼睛. 鼻窦感染最常见的原因是病毒.

当我们健康的时候, 在我们的鼻窦中产生的正常粘液定期通过一个小开口进入我们的鼻子. Once in our 鼻子, we blow or clean our 鼻子s as necessary. 当我们感冒或病毒性呼吸道感染时, 从鼻窦到鼻子的开口可能会充血，并被粘稠的粘液堵塞. This obstructed sinus can cause a sensation of pressure in our cheeks, 牙齿, 在我们的鼻子周围, 眼睛, 或额头. 因为粘液不能通过正常途径排出, 粘液开始从喉咙的后面流下来.

We have all experienced this sensation as needing to clear our throats. In it's mildest form, we have the occasional need to “ahem” or clear our throat. At its worst, the drainage triggers recurrent bouts of gagging and coughing. 这被称为鼻后滴注. 在晚上，当我们睡觉的时候，粘液会随着重力排出. 这会让我们咳嗽，扰乱睡眠. Postnasal drip is one of the most common causes of cough in young adults.

Other symptoms that may occur with sinus congestion include sore throat, 尤其是在觉醒方面, 因为所有的粘液都聚集在一起了. 鼻子和喉咙的粘液在早上可能会变色，因为它们在睡眠中积累和变干了. Many times the color and thickness will clear once you are up and about. 耳朵也会感到堵塞，因为耳咽管被同样的充血组织阻塞.

偶尔，细菌会感染阻塞的鼻窦. 症状 indicative of this can be similar to those of viral infections. 然而, 如果感冒症状出现7 - 10天后鼻窦充血症状没有改善或恶化，则提示是细菌感染. 粘液可能变得更持久变色-黄色, 绿色, brown or blood-tinged — and this discoloration doesn’t clear during the day. 脸颊疼痛和压痛, 鼻子, 牙齿 or 眼睛 may worsen and may be found to intensify when bending over. A loss of taste and smell may occur with worsening cough. 随着越来越虚弱或疲劳，可能会出现发烧. 像任何疾病一样，症状因人而异. 然而, if this is what you are experiencing, see your provider.

Fortunately, most of the time, congested sinuses clear on their own over 7-10 days. 然而, 你可以用两种方法来帮助这个过程:减充血剂和水分——尤其是鼻窦冲洗.

支气管炎是支气管的一种炎症, the air passages that extend from the windpipe into the lungs, 这可能是由病毒引起的, 支原体, 细菌, 吸烟或吸入化学污染物或粉尘.

排列在支气管上的细胞有细小的毛发或纤毛，可以捕获和清除污染物. When these cells become overly irritated, they stop functioning. Consequently, the air passages become clogged by debris, and irritation increases. 在回应, 分泌大量粘液, 引起支气管炎特征性咳嗽的原因是什么.

Brief bouts of acute bronchitis may evolve from a severe cold or flu, 但也可能在没有感染的情况下开始. If you have underlying asthma, bronchitis may precipitate an asthma attack. 即使你没有哮喘病史, 支气管炎可能引发一些类似哮喘的症状, 如喘息和呼吸短促. Smoking is frequently associated with chronic bronchitis.

症状

• 深咳嗽，产生黄色或绿色的痰
• Pain behind the breastbone when you breathe deeply or cough
• 喘息
• 呼吸困难
• 低烧或发冷
• 头疼
• 肌肉酸痛
• 乏力

单核细胞增多症——通常被称为单核细胞增多症或“接吻病”——是一种引起发烧的病毒感染, 喉咙痛，淋巴腺肿大, 尤其是颈部. 它通常通过唾液和密切接触传播.

症状

• 睡意
• 发热
• 全身不适、不安或不舒服的感觉
• 食欲不振
• 肌肉酸痛或僵硬
• 皮疹
• 喉咙痛
• 淋巴结肿大淋巴结肿大，尤指在颈部和腋窝
• 脾肿大

诊断

在体检期间, the doctor may find swollen lymph nodes in the front and back of your neck, as well as swollen tonsils with a whitish-yellow covering. The doctor might also feel a swollen liver or swollen spleen when pushing on your belly. 可能会有皮疹. 血液检查经常显示白细胞计数高于正常水平，白细胞看起来不寻常，称为非典型淋巴细胞, which are seen when blood is examined under a microscope. 非典型淋巴细胞和肝功能检查异常是该病的标志.

除非症状持续超过10天或出现以下情况之一，否则不必联系您的医疗保健提供者:

• 腹部疼痛
• 呼吸困难
• 持续高烧
• 严重的头痛
• 严重的喉咙痛或扁桃体肿胀
• 手臂或腿无力
• 眼睛或皮肤变黄

如果出现以下情况，请拨打911或去急诊室:

• 剧烈、突然、剧烈的腹痛
• 吞咽或呼吸明显困难
• 脖子僵硬或极度虚弱

治疗

• 多喝水
• 用温盐漱口以缓解喉咙痛
• 充分休息
• 服用对乙酰氨基酚或布洛芬来缓解疼痛和发烧

腮腺炎是一种由病毒引起的传染病.

流行性腮腺炎通常始于几天的发烧, 头疼, 肌肉酸痛, 疲劳和食欲不振. 随之而来的是唾液腺肿胀. 任何对以前的腮腺炎感染或疫苗接种没有免疫的人都可能患腮腺炎.

Before the routine vaccination program was introduced in the United States, 流行性腮腺炎是婴儿的常见病, 儿童和青少年. 由于大多数儿童和成人都接种过疫苗，腮腺炎在美国很少见.

目前，没有针对腮腺炎的特异性治疗方法. 应根据需要给予支持性护理. If someone becomes very ill, they should seek medical attention. 如果有人寻求医疗救助, they should call their doctor in advance to avoid the waiting room, 他们会传染给其他人吗.

症状

• 发热
• 头疼
• 肌肉酸痛
• 疲劳
• 食欲不振
• 面部一侧或两侧的耳朵或下巴下的唾液腺肿胀和柔软(腮腺炎)

疫苗接种

The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is the best way to prevent mumps. The vaccine should be routinely given when children are 12-15 months old, and a second dose should be given when they are 4-6 years old. Two doses of the vaccine are more effective against mumps than one dose and prevent most, 但并非全部, 腮腺炎病例及其并发症.

并发症
大多数腮腺炎患者完全康复. 然而, mumps can occasionally cause complications, and some can be serious. 即使一个人没有肿胀的唾液腺(腮腺炎)，并发症也可能发生，而且在进入青春期的人身上更常见. 并发症包括:

• Inflammation of the testicles (orchitis) in males who have reached puberty, 很少导致不育
• 脑炎(脑炎)和/或覆盖大脑和脊髓的组织(脑膜炎)
• 进入青春期的女性卵巢(卵巢炎)和/或乳房(乳腺炎)的炎症
• 暂时性或永久性耳聋

传输
流行性腮腺炎 is spread by droplets of saliva or mucus from the mouth, 被感染者的鼻子或喉咙, 通常是咳嗽的时候, 打喷嚏或说话.

感染者使用过的物品, 比如杯子或软饮料罐, 也会被病毒污染吗, 如果这些物品被共享，可能会传染给其他人. 除了, 当患有腮腺炎的人接触物品或表面而不洗手时，病毒可能会传播，然后其他人接触相同的表面并摩擦他们的嘴或鼻子.

大多数腮腺炎的传播发生在唾液腺开始肿胀之前或肿胀开始后5天内. 因此，疾病预防控制中心建议在腮腺炎患者的腺体开始肿胀后隔离5天.

避免传播
如果你患有腮腺炎，你可以做几件事来帮助防止病毒的传播:

• 尽量减少与其他人的密切接触, especially babies and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated.
• Stay home from work or school for five days after your glands begin to swell, and try not to have close contact with other people who live in your house.
• Cover your mouth and 鼻子 with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, 把用过的纸巾扔到垃圾桶里.  如果你没有纸巾，咳嗽或打喷嚏时用袖子或手肘捂住，而不是用手捂住.
• Wash hands well and often with soap, and teach children to wash their hands, too.
• 不要共用饮料或餐具.
• Regularly clean surfaces that are frequently touched — such as toys, 门把手, tables and counters — with soap and water or with cleaning wipes.

胃流感或胃肠炎会导致呕吐和腹泻，但与流感病毒无关.

Gastroenteritis means inflammation of the stomach and small and large intestines. 病毒性肠胃炎是一种由多种病毒引起的感染，导致呕吐或腹泻. It is often called the stomach flu, although it is not caused by the influenza viruses.

病毒性肠胃炎不是由细菌——比如沙门氏菌或大肠杆菌——或者寄生虫——比如贾第鞭毛虫——或者药物引起的, 或者其他医疗条件, 虽然症状可能相似. Your doctor can determine if the diarrhea is caused by a virus or by something else.

症状

• 腹泻
• 呕吐
• 头疼
• 发热
• 腹部痉挛或胃痛

在一般情况下, 感染引起胃肠炎的病毒后一到两天开始出现症状，并可能持续一到十天, 这取决于是哪种病毒引起的疾病.

治疗
一般, 病毒性肠胃炎由医生根据病人的症状和医学检查作出诊断. 治疗儿童和成人病毒性胃肠炎最重要的部分是防止严重的体液流失或脱水. 这种治疗应该从家里开始. Your physician may give you specific instructions about what kinds of fluid to give.